Global Information at a Glance: Power, Law, and Commerce through the Lens of Asia Directories
Visit the Project Website: Asian Directories and Chronicles Digital Resource
Project Members: Prof. em. Dr. Madeleine Herren-Oesch, Dr. Cornelia Knab, Eric Decker, Julian Wettengel, Dominique Biehl, Ina Serif,Prof. Peter Cornwell, Prof. Dr. Jean-Pierre Dedieu, Prof. Dr. Christian Henriot, Sorin Marti
More About the Project:
Building a New Digital Resource for European Global Studies
Research Network Digital Humanities
In 1937, a book of 2050 pages, called the Directory and Chronicle, aimed to cover all information which was needed by the community of foreigners living in Asia: tables of different weights and measures, currencies and important taxes, local festivity days and traditions, addresses of consulates, lists of foreign residents, and explanations about extraterritorial jurisdiction and courts in charge. It informed about almost every aspect of a global lifestyle in Asia, from the Buddhist association in Hong Kong to the many branches of Christian mission to the Arab and Jewish schools, and from the addresses of insurance companies to the varieties of race and golf clubs. In 1937, the Directory series had already reached its seventy-fifth year of publication, having started in a modest size in 1863.
Analyzing the fabric of information displayed in the Directory series during the nineteenth and first half of the twentieth century enables us to understand the development of a global information society. We show how information is used as a raw material which contributed to develop forms of global expertise.
In this project, we use the Directories as an analytical lens to understand past, present and future patterns of globalization. The diversity of information listed in the Directories allows to follow research questions alongside an extended timeframe. First of all, the Directories provide responses to the question of who was seen as a foreigner. How did the construction of these groups work? What were their spaces of living in connection with their environments? How does social coherence develop in exterritorial spaces? How do regional and local rules limit specific scopes of actions? Who is responsible for the continuous collection and spread of information? How is the information selected and ordered? Which are the reference points for social stratification and gender-related forms of social coherence? Who are the many intermediaries who directed liaison offices and contracted insurances? And not least: What do we actually see when looking through the kaleidoscope of the Directories - an international public sphere, a small elite of business people, or even a form of transcultural “third space”?
Today, the access to the complete set of volumes of the Directory is limited. This is why so far this valuable source material has not been in the focus of scholarly investigations. Recent theoretical and methodological debates of global history have outlined the significance of approaching empirical evidence of networks and connections cutting across national borders. We suggest to problematize the Directory as a dictionary of transforming global interferences which substantially supports the development of new methodological and empirical work in global history.
This research project analyzes the development of a global information society in context of the connections of worldwide markets through the lens of the Directoryfor the very first time. With the Directories, the Institute for European Global Studies presents a show case of global studies beyond methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism in a twofold way: by collecting and organizing source material which has until now not been available and which is most relevant for developing new approaches of global history, and by sharing expertise through collaborative and interdisciplinary research. As a digital humanities project, it is integrated in a collaborative research environment working with new digital methods.
The information given in the Directory series focuses on the foreigners and their activities and networks in the region. Thus, we argue, with the example of a specific region, it demonstrates the development and transformations of a transculturally entangled world. The research project aims to reveal the social, cultural, political, and economic consequences of global entanglements in multiple local contexts. Across the decades, it reflects the opportunities of worldwide networking, but also the locally palpable conflicts and consequences of entanglement. It thereby intends to present a narrative of global history going methodologically and empirically beyond the relations of great powers and elites: by focusing on the activities of a multiplicity of actors from diverse social backgrounds, we aim to uncover new forms of global interrelations in their local manifestations.
The research project makes this reference book series and its information accessible through comprehensive digital extraction and semantic engineering. The aim is a database presenting the extracted data material of this print corpus. In a first step, the project focuses in particular on the lists of persons presented in the Directories as foreign residents in Asia. It aims to present the data material in ways which can be used for new forms of historical analysis and visualization by making this publication readable as a longue-durée documentation of different varieties and dimensions of connectivity.
This publication is especially suitable for digital reading, since the volumes of the Directory are spread throughout the world. In addition, the series was published without indices over the years covered, and the publishers structured the information in different ways. These circumstances silenced the Directories in the analogous world and limited their use to specific verifications of information already available. In our project, the digital indexing of the Directories allows asking why and to what extent “a world connecting” (Rosenberg , 2012) has shaped our world from the nineteenth century onwards.
The project develops an analytical framework suitable for asking new research questions and developing innovative research strategies. It focuses on four key elements of global historiography:
- Questions of power and global integration: As a serial source, the Directory series mirrors the historicity of the global with view to the development of connectedness in its various multi-layered stratifications. The question is to what extent the different communities are connected to each other, what the qualities and asymmetries of connection are, and whether or not the spatial proximity depicted in the Directory uncovers processes of global (des)integration which have until now been forgotten or disregarded.
- Commodity chains in the global market and people on the move: The volumes of the Directory unveil an extended list of companies doing business on a global scale. Researchers have started to unfold global connections by following certain commodities (e.g. S. Beckert, ‘King Cotton’, 2013), their production and consumption. This approach allows breaking through Eurocentric patterns of analysis based on narratives of modernization. However, rarely were the interactions within the fabric of a society in relation with the circulation of goods addressed.
- Agencies, scope of action, claims and entitlements: The Directories include maps which not only show the rapid development of urban spaces, but also visualize the spatial dimensions of inclusion and exclusion of foreigners and indigenous people. Further, the Directories provide different forms of legal information. On the one hand, the specific rules for foreigners of various different regions are difficult to find outside the Directories, since they cover a grey zone between international law and the prerogatives imposed on local rulers by imperial powers. On the other hand, the framework of legal claims and entitlements should be understood as a way to define what defines a foreigner in a respective time period, and to what extent processes of differentiation, shifting agencies, and gaining entitlements indicate periods of social transformations.
Information: Besides being a valuable source for numerous thematic areas of global life in Asia, the Directories provide the empirical evidence for investigating information as raw material. By focusing on the Directories, we ask how information is constructed in globalized contexts, how it travels, gets available to certain public spheres, and what constitutes its shifting values. And we investigate the missing parts, and ask about how information gets manipulated and how it shaped the life of its addressees.
Due to the most striking methodological innovations introduced by global historiography, a relational, matrix-oriented structure has gained significance as a narrative form in contrast to the linear chronology in the narration of history. Investigations focus on interferences of networks privileging various actors and agencies on different levels. This new analytical perspective intends to overcome methodological nationalism by developing a new paradigm of comparatism, which however is not yet analytically convincing.
The analysis of the Directories provides empirical evidence for developing a new understanding of what we call ‘connecting power’. From this point of view, the focus on the Directories with their various layers of institutions, administrations and actors contributes to comparing different densities and qualities of multi-layered networks.
However, the question still remains who in this manifold interconnected social fabric is marginalized and silenced. The Directories, we argue, develop their strongest analytical potential if we contextualize them with topic-related questions and source material. This offers questioning the way that monopolies of power are developed in exterritorial and international places, while asking who and what is missing, forgotten, suppressed and silenced.
Asian port cities as sites of international memory: Port cities contribute to the sites of international memory project, investigating traces and imprints left by global governance in an era of nation states. The Directories allow combining the spatial expression of extraterritoriality with the question of sustainability: Can we presume that places of international exchange and dense, multilayered networks are remembered in a specific way?
Text:Prof. em. Dr. Madeleine Herren-Oesch and Cornelia Knab
Citation: Madeleine Herren / Cornelia Knab: Global Information at a Glance: Power, Law, and Commerce through the Lens of Asia Directories, in: <https://europa.unibas.ch/de/forschung/globalgeschichte-europas/global-information-at-a-glance/> (February 2, 2018).